英语翻译In China,the spread of consumer culture has been fostere
英语翻译
In China,the spread of consumer culture has been fostered by the existence of strong consumer interest before the 19th century as part of an urban culture and a secular outlook (Stearns 2006).The appeal of “an almost fantasy‐like modernity” that promises some release from “customary hierarchies and constraints” (Stearns 2006,109) has also fostered the dramatic expansion of consumer culture.Finally,economic reforms post‐1979 have diminished state power dramatically and freed many consumers from political strictures on consumption.
The World Bank estimates that 250 million to 300 million people have climbed out of poverty since China adopted economic reforms.One big story is the growth of a consumer middle class in China.In 2005,at least 4.5 million had a disposable income in excess of US$30,000“(Latham 2006,9).Characteristic of the effects of consumer culture everywhere,scholars note how consumer culture is fuelling the emergence of new “disjunctures and differences” in Chinese consumption practices ,new space for Chinese citizens,especially women,to express their personal taste,ideals and values as against older collective forms (Gillette 2000),as well as the re‐emergence of older popular ritual practices in new consumer guise .
As in other places,distinctive characteristics of consumer culture are emergent in China.Among these are the idea of consumption as a palliative to continued tight state control of political freedom and the media; the articulation of various local understandings of Chinese history and character in its branding practices,and the role of consumer goods in vitalizing China’s gift economy and in particular the web of interpersonal relationships often referred to as guanxi .Others have commented on the interaction between China’s one child policy and the special role of children in creating the more hedonically oriented Chinese consumer of today.The speed of development and the success of a one‐child family policy has “plunged children and parents from all social strata into a consumer revolution.As a result,the proportional claims of Chinese children on their family’s financial resources are both larger and more uniform across economic strata than for children in earlier cases” of consumer culture 下面一段不一起的
Depāto‐department stores‐which have gone a long way in commercializing Japanese cultural values,and domesticating foreign consumer tastes (Creighton 1992) are also among the biggest promoters of “traditional” Japanese gift giving,a large,distinctive,and socially important category of consumer expeitures in Japan
In China,the spread of consumer culture has been fostered by the existence of strong consumer interest before the 19th century as part of an urban culture and a secular outlook (Stearns 2006).The appeal of “an almost fantasy‐like modernity” that promises some release from “customary hierarchies and constraints” (Stearns 2006,109) has also fostered the dramatic expansion of consumer culture.Finally,economic reforms post‐1979 have diminished state power dramatically and freed many consumers from political strictures on consumption.
The World Bank estimates that 250 million to 300 million people have climbed out of poverty since China adopted economic reforms.One big story is the growth of a consumer middle class in China.In 2005,at least 4.5 million had a disposable income in excess of US$30,000“(Latham 2006,9).Characteristic of the effects of consumer culture everywhere,scholars note how consumer culture is fuelling the emergence of new “disjunctures and differences” in Chinese consumption practices ,new space for Chinese citizens,especially women,to express their personal taste,ideals and values as against older collective forms (Gillette 2000),as well as the re‐emergence of older popular ritual practices in new consumer guise .
As in other places,distinctive characteristics of consumer culture are emergent in China.Among these are the idea of consumption as a palliative to continued tight state control of political freedom and the media; the articulation of various local understandings of Chinese history and character in its branding practices,and the role of consumer goods in vitalizing China’s gift economy and in particular the web of interpersonal relationships often referred to as guanxi .Others have commented on the interaction between China’s one child policy and the special role of children in creating the more hedonically oriented Chinese consumer of today.The speed of development and the success of a one‐child family policy has “plunged children and parents from all social strata into a consumer revolution.As a result,the proportional claims of Chinese children on their family’s financial resources are both larger and more uniform across economic strata than for children in earlier cases” of consumer culture 下面一段不一起的
Depāto‐department stores‐which have gone a long way in commercializing Japanese cultural values,and domesticating foreign consumer tastes (Creighton 1992) are also among the biggest promoters of “traditional” Japanese gift giving,a large,distinctive,and socially important category of consumer expeitures in Japan
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