英语翻译4.1 Imprecision of language,particularly in an internati

英语翻译
4.1 Imprecision of language,particularly in an international community,can and does lead to misinterpretations and misunderstandings.This is particularly a problem where words commonly used in a language also have specific meanings within a given discipline.That is the case with the terms price,cost,market,and value as they are used in the valuation discipline.International Valuation Standards,Sixth Edition 36 Concepts & Principles/Price,Cost,Market & Value
4.2 Price is a term used for the amount asked,offered,or paid for a good or service.Sale price is an historical fact,whether it is publicly disclosed or kept confidential.Because of the financial capabilities,motivations,or special interests of a given buyer and/or seller,the price paid for goods or services may or may not have any relation to the value which might be ascribed to the goods or services by others.Price is,however,generally an indication of a relative value placed upon the goods or services by the particular buyer and/or seller under particular circumstances.
4.3 Cost is the price paid for goods or services or the amount required to create or produce the good or service.When that good or service has been completed,its cost is an historical fact.The price paid for a good or service becomes its cost to the buyer.
4.4 A market is the environment in which goods and services trade between buyers and sellers through a price mechanism.The concept of a market implies that goods and/or services may be traded among buyers and sellers without undue restriction on their activities.Each party will respond to supply-demand relationships and other pricesetting factors as well as to the party’s own capacities and knowledge,understanding of the relative utility of the goods and/or services,and individual needs and desires.A market can be local,regional,national,or international.
4.5 Value is an economic concept referring to the price most likely to be concluded by the buyers and sellers of a good or service that is available for purchase.Value is not a fact,but an estimate of the likely price to be paid for goods and services at a given time in accordance with a particular definition of value.The economic concept of value reflects a market’s view of the benefits that accrue to one who owns the goods or receives the services as of the effective date of valuation.