英语语法中什么叫介词和副词?什么叫宾语和状语?

介词是一种用来表示词与词, 词与句之间的关系的词.在句中不能单独作句子成分.介词后面一般有名词代词或相当于名词的其他词类,短语或从句作它的宾语.介词和它的宾语构成介词词组,在句中作状语,表语,补语或介词宾语.并且在定语从句“介词+whom/which”的结构中,不能用that 代替whom/which.She is a good student from whom we should learn.
副词是用来修饰动词、形容词、副词、介词、连词等单词或短语,以说明动作性质或状态的特征的词.副词的主要句法功用是作状语,修饰动词、形容词、副词、介词、连词或某些短语,甚至整个句子.副词可以使语言的描述更具体、更全面、更生动,因此,在传递信息,交流思想和感情方面发挥强大的功能.
常用的副词有：now, ago, before, today, tomorrow, always, often, sometimes, already, late, soon, here, there, easily,comfortably, hardly, happily,sadly 等等.
　宾语
　　宾语是动作、行为的对象,是动作的承受者.宾语由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词、短语来担任.当然,也可以由一个句子来充当,称之为宾语从句,所以一个句子中不一定只有一个宾语.
　　英语的及物动词后必须有宾语.宾语一般放及物动词之后,它和及物动词一起说明主语做什么.
　　说明,除及物动词有宾语之外,英语介词后面也要有宾语.另外,某些形容词如worth,careful等后也可有宾语.
　　宾语有直接宾语和间接宾语之分.即指人的间接宾语和指物的直接宾语,这两个宾语统称为"双宾语".
　
　英语中,修饰动词、形容词、副词等的句子成分叫状语（adverbial).
　　状语的功用：状语说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、方向、程度、方式和伴随状况等.
　　状语一般由副词、介词短语、分词和分词短语、不定式或相当于副词的词或短语来担当.其位置一般放在句末,但也可放在句首或句中.
　　副词是一种用来修饰动词,形容词,副词或全句的词,说明时间,地点,程度,方式等概念.
　　1.副词一般在句子中做状语．
　　He speaks English very well. 他英语说得非常好.
　　He is playing under the tree.中的under the tree(地点状语)
　　2. 不定式在句子中可以作目的状语.
　　I come specially to see you.我专门来看你.
　　3.介词短语
　　My parents often tell us about their bitter life in the past.
　　Ten years ago, She began to live in Dalian.
　　The boy was praised for his bravery.
　　4.从句作状语
　　When she was 12 years old, she began to live in Dalian.
　　If I am not busy tomorrow, I will play football with you.
　　5.分词作状语
　　Having had a quarrel with his wife, he left home in a bad temper.
　　Inhibited in one direction, it now seems that the Mississippi is about to take another.
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