英语翻译In almost every branch of civil engineering and architec

英语翻译
In almost every branch of civil engineering and architecture,extensive use is made of reinforced concrete for structures and foundation.Special precautions must be taken for concrete exposed to salts such as deicing chemicals.
Where a railway crosses a navigable waterway,a bridge must be built which is capable of being opened in order to allow the river or canal traffic to pass.Because of the circuitous and directional flow of water-ways,railways often have an advantage over barges.
This is why the hot water system in a furnace will operate without the use of waterpump,if the pipes are the arranged so that the hottest water rises while the coldest water runs down again to the furnace.
The bending moments,shear and axial forces,and deflections of reinforced concrete frames at any stage of loading from zero to ultimate load can be determined analytically using the condition of static equilibrium and geometric compatibility,if the moment-curvature relationships of the sections are knows.
The structural design itself includes two different tasks,the design of the structure,
in which the sizes and lovations of the main members are settled,and the analysis of this structure by mathematical or graphical methods or both,to work out how the loads pass through the structure with the partivular members chosen.