翻译.Solid phase extraction (SPE) as a preconcentration-separa

翻译.
Solid phase extraction (SPE) as a preconcentration-separation technique coupled with flame atomic absorption spectrometric
(FAAS) has been applied for determination of trace heavy metals in water (tap, river, sea and industrial), soil, food, pharmaceuti- cal, marine sediment and biological samples [1–7]. FAAS is one of the most popular techniques for determination of metal ions because of its high specificity and low cost. However its sensitiv- ity is usually insufficient for determination of trace metal ions in environmental samples. In order to overcome this problem and pre- vent interference effects, the method usually requires an efficient preconcentration step [8,9].
Many methods, either on-line or batch systems, have been developed for the preconcentration of trace metals from various samples, including coprecipitation [10–13], liquid–liquid extrac- tion [14–17], solid phase extraction [18–20] and cloud point extraction [21–24]. Among these techniques, SPE is one of the most important preconcentration methodologies because of its simplicity, flexibility to choose the solid phase, high preconcentra- tion factor, low consumption of the organic solvents, low cost and extraction time for sample preparation [25–32].