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过去分词
规则动词的过去分词由动词原形加ed构成,不规则动词的过去分词见不规则动词表.
1. 及物动词的过去分词作表语,与句子主语是被动关系,表示主语的状态,既表示被动,又表示完成.
The cup is broken. 茶杯破了.
2. 不及物动词的过去分词作表语,与句子主语是主动关系,表示主语的状态,只表示动作的完成.
He is retired. 他已退休.
3. 有些过去分词作表语时,构成的谓语很接近被动结构.
一、过去分词作表语
The city is surrounded on three sides by mountains. 这座城市三面环山.
【注意】过去分词作表语与被动语态的区别:过去分词作表语,主要是表示主语的状态,而被动语态则表示动作.
(1) The cup was broken by my little sister yesterday. 茶杯是昨天我小妹打碎的.(是被动语态,表示动作)
(2) The library is now closed. 图书馆关门了.(过去分词作表语)
【注意】过去分词表示被动或完成, -ing 形式表示主动或进行.有些动词如 interest, bore, worry, surprise, frighten 等通常用其过去分词形式来修饰人,用 -ing 形式来修饰物.
(3) The book is interesting and I'm interested in it. 这本书很有趣,我对它很感兴趣.
二、过去分词作定语
作定语用的过去分词相当于形容词,其逻辑主语就是它所修饰的名词.及物动词的过去分词作定语,既表被动又表完成;不及物动词的过去分词作定语,只表完成.
1. 过去分词用作定语,如果是单个的,常置于其所修饰的名词之前.
We must adapt our thinking to the changed conditions. 我们必须使我们的思想适应改变了的情况.
2. 过去分词短语用作定语时,一般置于其所修饰的名词之后,其意义相当于一个定语从句,但较从句简洁,多用于书面语中.
The concert given by their friends was a success.他们朋友举行的音乐会大为成功.
3.过去分词短语有时也可用作非限制性定语,前后常有逗号.
The meeting, attended by over five thousand people, welcomed the great hero. 他们举行了欢迎英雄的大会,到会的有五千多人.
4. 用来修饰人的过去分词有时可以转移到修饰非人的事物,这种过去分词在形式上虽不直接修饰人,但它所修饰的事物仍与人直接有关.
The boy looked up with a pleased expression. 男孩带着满意的表情举目而视.
三、过去分词作状语
1. 过去分词作状语过去分词作状语表示被动的和完成的动作.
(1) Written in a hurry, this article was not so good! 因为写得匆忙,这篇文章不是很好.
【注意】written 为过去分词作状语,表示这篇文章是被写的,而且已经被写. 值得注意的是,有些过去分词因来源于系表结构,作状语时不表被动而表主动.这样的过去分词及短语常见的有: lost (迷路); seated (坐); hidden (躲); stationed (驻扎); lost / absorbed in (沉溺于); born (出身于); dressed in (穿着); tired of (厌烦).
(2) Lost / Absorbed in deep thought, he didn't hear the sound.因为沉溺于思考之中,所以他没听到那个声音.
2. 过去分词作状语时其逻辑主语为主句的主语,此时应注意人称一致.
(1) Given another hour, I can also work out this problem.
再给我一个小时,我也能解这道题.(given 为过去分词作状语,它的逻辑主语为主句主语 I ,即 I 被再给一个小时.)
(2)_ Seen from the top of the hill, the city looks more beautiful to us.
从山顶看城市,城市显得更漂亮.(seen 为过去分词作状语,表"被看",由语境可知,它的逻辑主语必须是城市,而不是"我们",因为"我们"应主动看城市.)
【注意】如果过去分词作状语时,前面再加逻辑主语,主句的主语就不再是分词的逻辑主语,这种带逻辑主语的过去分词结构实际上属于独立主格结构.
(1) The signal given, the bus started. 信号一发出,汽车就开动了.(the signal 是 given 的逻辑主语,因此主句主语 the bus 就不是given 的逻辑主语.
(2) Her head held high, she went by. 她把头昂得高高地从这儿走了过去.(her head 是 held high 的逻辑主语,因此主句主语 she 就不再是held high 的逻辑主语.)
3. 过去分词作状语来源于状语从句.
(1) Caught in a heavy rain, he was all wet. 因为淋了一场大雨,所以他全身湿透了. (caught in a heavy rain 为过去分词短语作原因状语,它来源于原因状语从句 Because he was caught in a heavy rain.)
(2)_Grown in rich soil, these seeds can grow fast. 如果种在肥沃的土壤里,这些种子能长得很快.( grown in rich soil 为过去分词作条件状语,它来源于条件状语从句 If these seeds are grown in rich soil.
【注意】状语从句改成过去分词作状语时有时还可保留连词,构成"连词+过去分词"结构作状语.
When given a medical examination, you should keep calm. 当你做体格检查时要保持镇定.
4. 过去分词作状语的位置.过去分词可放在主句前作句首状语,后面有逗号与主句隔开;也可放在主句后面,前面有逗号与主句隔开.
He stood there silently, moved to tears. = Moved to tears, he stood there silently. 他静静地站在那里,被感动得热泪盈眶.
四、过去分词作宾语补足语
(一)能够接过去分词作宾补的动词有以下四类:
1. 表示感觉或心理状态的动词.如:see, watch, observe, look at, hear, listen to, feel, notice, think等.
(1) I heard the song sung in English. 我听到有人用英语唱过这首歌.(过去分词sung的动作显然先于谓语动作heard;)
(2)_He found his hometown greatly changed. 他发现他的家乡变化很大.(过去分词changed的动作显然先于谓语动作found)
2. 表示"致使"意义的动词.如:have, make, get, keep, leave等.
(1) I'll have my hair cut tomorrow. 明天我要理发.
(2) He got his tooth pulled out yesterday. 他昨天把牙拔了.
(3) Don't leave those things undone. 要把那些事情做完.
3. 表示思维活动的动词如consider, know, think等后.如：
(1) I consider the matter settled. 我认为这件事解决了.
(2) I thought myself wronged somehow in the bargain. 我认为自己在这场交易中有受愚弄了.
4. 表示爱憎､意愿的动词如want, wish, like, hate等后.如：
(1) I wanted two tickets reserved. 我要预定两张机票.
(2) He didn’t wish it mentioned. 他不愿这事被提起.
【注意】过去分词所表示的动作一定和宾语有逻辑上的动宾关系.
(二)使役动词have接过去分词作宾补有两种情况.
1. 过去分词所表示的动作由他人完成.
He had his money stolen.他的钱给偷了.(被别人偷去了)
2. 过去分词所表示的动作由句中的主语所经历.如: He had his leg broken.他的腿断了. (自己的经历)
五、"with +宾语+过去分词"结构
此结构中,过去分词用作介词 with的宾语补足语.这一结构通常在句中作时间,方式,条件,原因等状语.
(1) The murderer was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back. 凶手被带进来了,他的双手被绑在背后.(表方式)
(2) With water heated, we can see the steam. 水一被加热,我们就会看到水蒸气.(表条件)
(3) With the matter settled, we all went home. 事情得到解决,我们都回家了.(表原因)
(4)_She stood in front of him, with her eyes fixed on his face. 她站在他面前,眼睛注视着他.
(5) He stood for an instant with his hand still raised. 他仍然举着手站了一会儿.
现在完成时
现在完成时是英文时态的一种
现在完成时的用法
have(has)+过去分词(done)
1.现在完成时用来表示现在之前已发生过或完成的动作或状态,但其结果却和现在有联系,也就是说,动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在.
I have lost my wallet.(含义是:现在我没有钱花了.)
Jane has laid the table.(含义是:已可以吃饭了.)
Michael has been ill.(含义是:现在仍然很虚弱)
He has returned from abroad. (含义是:现在已在此地)
2. 现在完成时可以用来表示发生在过去某一时刻的,持续到现在的情况,常与for,since连用.
Mary has been ill for three days.
I have lived here since 1998.
3. 现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用,如already, yet, just, before, recently, lately等:
He has already obtained a scholarship.
I haven't seen much of him recently (lately).
We have seen that film before.
Have they found the missing child yet
4. 现在完成时常常与表示频度的时间状语连用,如often, sometimes, ever, never, twice, on several occasion等:
Have you ever been to Beijing
I have never heard Bunny say anything against her.
I have used this pen only three times. It is still good.
George has met that gentleman on several occasions.
5. 现在完成时还往往可以同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用,如now, up to these few days/weeks/months/years, this morning/week/month/year, now, just, today, up to present, so far等:
Peter has written six papers so far.
Man has now learned to release energy from the nucleus of the atom.
There has bee too much rain in San Francisco this year.
The friendly relations and cooperation between our two countries have been enhanced in the past few years.
Up to the present everything has been successful.
6. 现在完成时表示现在之前业已完成的动作,虽然其效果或影响仍然存在但已不再继续,但是有一些现在完成时的句子,在后面加上for+一段时间,则现在完成时的动作就表示延续性.
Thomas has studied Russian. (现在不再学俄语)
Thomas has studied Russian for three years. (=Thomas began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.(同第2点用法第一个例句)
7. 现在完成时还可以用来表示过去的一个时间到现在这段时间内重复发生的动作.
We have had four texts this semester.
现在完成时的“完成用法”和“未完成用法”
1.现在完成时的"完成用法"
现在完成时的"完成用法"指的是动作发生在过去某一时刻并已结束,但该动作对现在产生了影响,与现在情况具有因果关系.
例如：He has turned off the light.他已把灯关了.(动作结束于过去,但说明的是现在的情况--灯现在不亮了.)
现在完成时"完成用法"的特点是动作不延续,因此,该时态只能与表示不定的过去时间状语(如：already,yet,before,recently等)、频度时间状语(如：never,ever,once等)、包括现在时刻在内的时间状语(如：this morning ／ month ／year...,today等)连用.
例如： Have you found your pen yet?你已找到你的钢笔了吗?
2.现在完成时的"未完成用法"
现在完成时的"未完成用法"指的是动作开始于过去某一时刻,一直延续到现在,或可能还要继续下去.
例如：He has lived here since 1978.自从1978年以来,他一直住在这儿.(动作起始于1978年,一直住到现在,可能还要继续住下去.)
I have been in the army for more than 5 years.我在部队已经呆了五年多了.(动作开始于5年前,一直延续至今,有可能还要继续下去.)
此种用法的句中常需一个表示一段时间的状语(由since或for引导),或表示与现在时刻相连的时间状语(如：up to now,so far)等.
例如：I have heard nothing from him up to now.到目前为止我没有他的任何消息.
注意：(1)现在完成时的未完成用法只适用于延续性动词,不可用于终止性动词,即瞬间完成或延续时间很短的动词.如：come,go,arrive,leave,join,become,die等.
(2)现在完成时常见两种句型：
①主语＋have / has been＋for短语
②It is＋一段时间＋ since从句
例如：He has been in the League for three years.或It is three years since he joined the League. 他入团已三年了
一.have/has been doing sth.
1.现在完成进行时
当后面接有一段时间的词时,或是加表示时间的词时,可以用现在完成时.如果这件事现在还在持续或还在做,则可用
现在完成进行时.
如:I have been skating for 4 hours.
I have finished my homework.
2.现在完成时的被动语态.
后接动词的过去分词.
如:The building has been built for 5 years.
二.一般现在时:用动词原形
一般过去时:用动词的过去式
一般将来时:will/shall+do
is/am/are going to do
过去将来时:could/would do
现在完成时:have/has done
过去完成时:had done
将来完成时:shall have done
过去将来完成时:would/could have done
现在进行时:is/am/are doing
过去进行时:was/were doing
将来进行时:will/shall be doing
过去将来进行时:would/could be doing
现在完成进行时:have/has been doing
过去完成进行时:had been doing
将来完成进行时:shall have been doing
过去将来完成进行时:would have been doing
此时态一般在中学学习
过去分词
规则动词的过去分词由动词原形加ed构成,不规则动词的过去分词见不规则动词表.
1. 及物动词的过去分词作表语,与句子主语是被动关系,表示主语的状态,既表示被动,又表示完成.
The cup is broken. 茶杯破了.
2. 不及物动词的过去分词作表语,与句子主语是主动关系,表示主语的状态,只表示动作的完成.
He is retired. 他已退休.
3. 有些过去分词作表语时,构成的谓语很接近被动结构.
一、过去分词作表语
The city is surrounded on three sides by mountains. 这座城市三面环山.
【注意】过去分词作表语与被动语态的区别:过去分词作表语,主要是表示主语的状态,而被动语态则表示动作.
(1) The cup was broken by my little sister yesterday. 茶杯是昨天我小妹打碎的.(是被动语态,表示动作)
(2) The library is now closed. 图书馆关门了.(过去分词作表语)
【注意】过去分词表示被动或完成, -ing 形式表示主动或进行.有些动词如 interest, bore, worry, surprise, frighten 等通常用其过去分词形式来修饰人,用 -ing 形式来修饰物.
(3) The book is interesting and I'm interested in it. 这本书很有趣,我对它很感兴趣.
二、过去分词作定语
作定语用的过去分词相当于形容词,其逻辑主语就是它所修饰的名词.及物动词的过去分词作定语,既表被动又表完成;不及物动词的过去分词作定语,只表完成.
1. 过去分词用作定语,如果是单个的,常置于其所修饰的名词之前.
We must adapt our thinking to the changed conditions. 我们必须使我们的思想适应改变了的情况.
2. 过去分词短语用作定语时,一般置于其所修饰的名词之后,其意义相当于一个定语从句,但较从句简洁,多用于书面语中.
The concert given by their friends was a success.他们朋友举行的音乐会大为成功.
3.过去分词短语有时也可用作非限制性定语,前后常有逗号.
The meeting, attended by over five thousand people, welcomed the great hero. 他们举行了欢迎英雄的大会,到会的有五千多人.
4. 用来修饰人的过去分词有时可以转移到修饰非人的事物,这种过去分词在形式上虽不直接修饰人,但它所修饰的事物仍与人直接有关.
The boy looked up with a pleased expression. 男孩带着满意的表情举目而视.
三、过去分词作状语
1. 过去分词作状语过去分词作状语表示被动的和完成的动作.
(1) Written in a hurry, this article was not so good! 因为写得匆忙,这篇文章不是很好.
【注意】written 为过去分词作状语,表示这篇文章是被写的,而且已经被写. 值得注意的是,有些过去分词因来源于系表结构,作状语时不表被动而表主动.这样的过去分词及短语常见的有: lost (迷路); seated (坐); hidden (躲); stationed (驻扎); lost / absorbed in (沉溺于); born (出身于); dressed in (穿着); tired of (厌烦).
(2) Lost / Absorbed in deep thought, he didn't hear the sound.因为沉溺于思考之中,所以他没听到那个声音.
2. 过去分词作状语时其逻辑主语为主句的主语,此时应注意人称一致.
(1) Given another hour, I can also work out this problem.
再给我一个小时,我也能解这道题.(given 为过去分词作状语,它的逻辑主语为主句主语 I ,即 I 被再给一个小时.)
(2)_ Seen from the top of the hill, the city looks more beautiful to us.
从山顶看城市,城市显得更漂亮.(seen 为过去分词作状语,表"被看",由语境可知,它的逻辑主语必须是城市,而不是"我们",因为"我们"应主动看城市.)
【注意】如果过去分词作状语时,前面再加逻辑主语,主句的主语就不再是分词的逻辑主语,这种带逻辑主语的过去分词结构实际上属于独立主格结构.
(1) The signal given, the bus started. 信号一发出,汽车就开动了.(the signal 是 given 的逻辑主语,因此主句主语 the bus 就不是given 的逻辑主语.
(2) Her head held high, she went by. 她把头昂得高高地从这儿走了过去.(her head 是 held high 的逻辑主语,因此主句主语 she 就不再是held high 的逻辑主语.)
3. 过去分词作状语来源于状语从句.
(1) Caught in a heavy rain, he was all wet. 因为淋了一场大雨,所以他全身湿透了. (caught in a heavy rain 为过去分词短语作原因状语,它来源于原因状语从句 Because he was caught in a heavy rain.)
(2)_Grown in rich soil, these seeds can grow fast. 如果种在肥沃的土壤里,这些种子能长得很快.( grown in rich soil 为过去分词作条件状语,它来源于条件状语从句 If these seeds are grown in rich soil.
【注意】状语从句改成过去分词作状语时有时还可保留连词,构成"连词+过去分词"结构作状语.
When given a medical examination, you should keep calm. 当你做体格检查时要保持镇定.
4. 过去分词作状语的位置.过去分词可放在主句前作句首状语,后面有逗号与主句隔开;也可放在主句后面,前面有逗号与主句隔开.
He stood there silently, moved to tears. = Moved to tears, he stood there silently. 他静静地站在那里,被感动得热泪盈眶.
四、过去分词作宾语补足语
(一)能够接过去分词作宾补的动词有以下四类:
1. 表示感觉或心理状态的动词.如:see, watch, observe, look at, hear, listen to, feel, notice, think等.
(1) I heard the song sung in English. 我听到有人用英语唱过这首歌.(过去分词sung的动作显然先于谓语动作heard;)
(2)_He found his hometown greatly changed. 他发现他的家乡变化很大.(过去分词changed的动作显然先于谓语动作found)
2. 表示"致使"意义的动词.如:have, make, get, keep, leave等.
(1) I'll have my hair cut tomorrow. 明天我要理发.
(2) He got his tooth pulled out yesterday. 他昨天把牙拔了.
(3) Don't leave those things undone. 要把那些事情做完.
3. 表示思维活动的动词如consider, know, think等后.如：
(1) I consider the matter settled. 我认为这件事解决了.
(2) I thought myself wronged somehow in the bargain. 我认为自己在这场交易中有受愚弄了.
4. 表示爱憎､意愿的动词如want, wish, like, hate等后.如：
(1) I wanted two tickets reserved. 我要预定两张机票.
(2) He didn’t wish it mentioned. 他不愿这事被提起.
【注意】过去分词所表示的动作一定和宾语有逻辑上的动宾关系.
(二)使役动词have接过去分词作宾补有两种情况.
1. 过去分词所表示的动作由他人完成.
He had his money stolen.他的钱给偷了.(被别人偷去了)
2. 过去分词所表示的动作由句中的主语所经历.如: He had his leg broken.他的腿断了. (自己的经历)
五、"with +宾语+过去分词"结构
此结构中,过去分词用作介词 with的宾语补足语.这一结构通常在句中作时间,方式,条件,原因等状语.
(1) The murderer was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back. 凶手被带进来了,他的双手被绑在背后.(表方式)
(2) With water heated, we can see the steam. 水一被加热,我们就会看到水蒸气.(表条件)
(3) With the matter settled, we all went home. 事情得到解决,我们都回家了.(表原因)
(4)_She stood in front of him, with her eyes fixed on his face. 她站在他面前,眼睛注视着他.
(5) He stood for an instant with his hand still raised. 他仍然举着手站了一会儿.
现在完成时
现在完成时是英文时态的一种
现在完成时的用法
have(has)+过去分词(done)
1.现在完成时用来表示现在之前已发生过或完成的动作或状态,但其结果却和现在有联系,也就是说,动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在.
I have lost my wallet.(含义是:现在我没有钱花了.)
Jane has laid the table.(含义是:已可以吃饭了.)
Michael has been ill.(含义是:现在仍然很虚弱)
He has returned from abroad. (含义是:现在已在此地)
2. 现在完成时可以用来表示发生在过去某一时刻的,持续到现在的情况,常与for,since连用.
Mary has been ill for three days.
I have lived here since 1998.
3. 现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用,如already, yet, just, before, recently, lately等:
He has already obtained a scholarship.
I haven't seen much of him recently (lately).
We have seen that film before.
Have they found the missing child yet
4. 现在完成时常常与表示频度的时间状语连用,如often, sometimes, ever, never, twice, on several occasion等:
Have you ever been to Beijing
I have never heard Bunny say anything against her.
I have used this pen only three times. It is still good.
George has met that gentleman on several occasions.
5. 现在完成时还往往可以同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用,如now, up to these few days/weeks/months/years, this morning/week/month/year, now, just, today, up to present, so far等:
Peter has written six papers so far.
Man has now learned to release energy from the nucleus of the atom.
There has bee too much rain in San Francisco this year.
The friendly relations and cooperation between our two countries have been enhanced in the past few years.
Up to the present everything has been successful.
6. 现在完成时表示现在之前业已完成的动作,虽然其效果或影响仍然存在但已不再继续,但是有一些现在完成时的句子,在后面加上for+一段时间,则现在完成时的动作就表示延续性.
Thomas has studied Russian. (现在不再学俄语)
Thomas has studied Russian for three years. (=Thomas began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.(同第2点用法第一个例句)
7. 现在完成时还可以用来表示过去的一个时间到现在这段时间内重复发生的动作.
We have had four texts this semester.
现在完成时的“完成用法”和“未完成用法”
1.现在完成时的"完成用法"
现在完成时的"完成用法"指的是动作发生在过去某一时刻并已结束,但该动作对现在产生了影响,与现在情况具有因果关系.
例如：He has turned off the light.他已把灯关了.(动作结束于过去,但说明的是现在的情况--灯现在不亮了.)
现在完成时"完成用法"的特点是动作不延续,因此,该时态只能与表示不定的过去时间状语(如：already,yet,before,recently等)、频度时间状语(如：never,ever,once等)、包括现在时刻在内的时间状语(如：this morning ／ month ／year...,today等)连用.
例如： Have you found your pen yet?你已找到你的钢笔了吗?
2.现在完成时的"未完成用法"
现在完成时的"未完成用法"指的是动作开始于过去某一时刻,一直延续到现在,或可能还要继续下去.
例如：He has lived here since 1978.自从1978年以来,他一直住在这儿.(动作起始于1978年,一直住到现在,可能还要继续住下去.)
I have been in the army for more than 5 years.我在部队已经呆了五年多了.(动作开始于5年前,一直延续至今,有可能还要继续下去.)
此种用法的句中常需一个表示一段时间的状语(由since或for引导),或表示与现在时刻相连的时间状语(如：up to now,so far)等.
例如：I have heard nothing from him up to now.到目前为止我没有他的任何消息.
注意：(1)现在完成时的未完成用法只适用于延续性动词,不可用于终止性动词,即瞬间完成或延续时间很短的动词.如：come,go,arrive,leave,join,become,die等.
(2)现在完成时常见两种句型：
①主语＋have / has been＋for短语
②It is＋一段时间＋ since从句
例如：He has been in the League for three years.或It is three years since he joined the League. 他入团已三年了
一.have/has been doing sth.
1.现在完成进行时
当后面接有一段时间的词时,或是加表示时间的词时,可以用现在完成时.如果这件事现在还在持续或还在做,则可用
现在完成进行时.
如:I have been skating for 4 hours.
I have finished my homework.
2.现在完成时的被动语态.
后接动词的过去分词.
如:The building has been built for 5 years.
二.一般现在时:用动词原形
一般过去时:用动词的过去式
一般将来时:will/shall+do
is/am/are going to do
过去将来时:could/would do
现在完成时:have/has done
过去完成时:had done
将来完成时:shall have done
过去将来完成时:would/could have done
现在进行时:is/am/are doing
过去进行时:was/were doing
将来进行时:will/shall be doing
过去将来进行时:would/could be doing
现在完成进行时:have/has been doing
过去完成进行时:had been doing
将来完成进行时:shall have been doing
过去将来完成进行时:would have been doing
此时态一般在中学学习
1年前
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