求一篇关于人工智能的科技英语文章!

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Artificial intelligence (AI) is the intelligence of machines and the branch of computer science that aims to create it.Textbooks define the field as "the study and design of intelligent agents,"[1] where an intelligent agent is a system that perceives its environment and takes actions that maximize its chances of success.[2] John McCarthy,who coined the term in 1956,[3] defines it as "the science and engineering of making intelligent machines."[4]
The field was founded on the claim that a central property of humans,intelligence—the sapience of Homo sapiens—can be so precisely described that it can be simulated by a machine.[5] This raises philosophical issues about the nature of the mind and limits of scientific hubris,issues which have been addressed by myth,fiction and philosophy since antiquity.[6] Artificial intelligence has been the subject of optimism,[7] but has also suffered setbacks[8] and,today,has become an essential part of the technology industry,providing the heavy lifting for many of the most difficult problems in computer science.[9]
AI research is highly technical and specialized,deeply divided into subfields that often fail to communicate with each other.[10] Subfields have grown up around particular institutions,the work of individual researchers,the solution of specific problems,longstanding differences of opinion about how AI should be done and the application of widely differing tools.The central problems of AI include such traits as reasoning,knowledge,planning,learning,communication,perception and the ability to move and manipulate objects.[11] General intelligence (or "strong AI") is still a long-term goal of (some) research.[12]
History
Main articles:History of artificial intelligence and Timeline of artificial intelligence
Thinking machines and artificial beings appear in Greek myths,such as Talos of Crete,the golden robots of Hephaestus and Pygmalion's Galatea.[13] Human likenesses believed to have intelligence were built in every major civilization:animated statues were worshipped in Egypt and Greece[14] and humanoid automatons were built by Yan Shi,[15] Hero of Alexandria,[16] Al-Jazari[17] and Wolfgang von Kempelen.[18] It was also widely believed that artificial beings had been created by Jābir ibn Hayyān,[19] Judah Loew[20] and Paracelsus.[21] By the 19th and 20th centuries,artificial beings had become a common feature in fiction,as in Mary Shelley's Frankenstein or Karel Čapek's R.U.R.(Rossum's Universal Robots).[22] Pamela McCorduck argues that all of these are examples of an ancient urge,as she describes it,"to forge the gods".[6] Stories of these creatures and their fates discuss many of the same hopes,fears and ethical concerns that are presented by artificial intelligence.
Mechanical or "formal" reasoning has been developed by philosophers and mathematicians since antiquity.The study of logic led directly to the invention of the programmable digital electronic computer,based on the work of mathematician Alan Turing and others.Turing's theory of computation suggested that a machine,by shuffling symbols as simple as "0" and "1",could simulate any conceivable act of mathematical deduction.[23] This,along with recent discoveries in neurology,information theory and cybernetics,inspired a small group of researchers to begin to seriously consider the possibility of building an electronic brain.[24]
The field of AI research was founded at a conference on the campus of Dartmouth College in the summer of 1956.[25] The attendees,including John McCarthy,Marvin Minsky,Allen Newell and Herbert Simon,became the leaders of AI research for many decades.[26] They and their students wrote programs that were,to most people,simply astonishing:[27] computers were solving word problems in algebra,proving logical theorems and speaking English.[28] By t