ing共有多少种用法?

58 –ing（包括现在分词和动名词）的用法和判别
一、-ing的基本用法
Ⅰ.“be+-ing+…”构成现在、过去、将来进行时主动态（参阅第441页,442页）：
1. The liquid is flowing down the tower under the force of gravity. （现在进行时主动态）液体在重力作用下正沿着塔往下流.
2. When he came here, we were studying English. （过去进行时主动态）当他来这里时,我们正在学习英语.
3. In a few years the station will be feeding(或supplying) power to many industrial plants. （将来进行时主动态）再过几年,那座发电站将向许多工厂供电.
Ⅱ.“have,had或shall（will）have+been+-ing+…”构成现在、过去、将来这三种完成进行时主动态（参阅第445,446页）：
1. We have been studying the problem for a long time. （现在完成时主动态）很久以前我们一直在研究这个问题.
2.Chemistis had been studying the atmosphere for about two thousand years before its composition was discovered. （过去完成时主动态）化学家们一直在研究大气,研究了约两千年,它的组成才被发现.
3. By the end of this year they will have been studying English for a year. （将来完成时主动态）到今年年底,他们学习英语有一年了.（主语第一人称,则可用shall代替will.）
Ⅲ.“being+过去分词”构成被动态.这里有三种情况：
A. “is（was）+being（现在分词）+过去分词”构成现在、过去这两种进行时被动态：
1. The lathe is being adjusted by a worker. （现在进行时被动态）这台车床正由一个工人在进行调整.
2. When I came here, the lathe was being adjusted by a worker. （过去进行时被动态）当我来这里时,那台车床正由一个工人在进行调整.
注：将来进行时和完成进行时没有相应的被动态.
B. Being前面没有is或was之类动词,仅仅是动词名“being+过去分词”构成被动意义：
1. The object is at rest and resists being moved quickly. （直接宾语）物体静止,就阻止物体本身迅速移动.
2. Television waves pass right through the layer without being reflected. （介词宾语）电视被径直通过这一层（电离层）而不被反射.（上两句中being…为被动态动名词短语.）
C. “being(现在分词)+过去分词”作定语在独立分词结构中及介词后“主谓”结构（即复合结构）中的用法：
1. We must pay attention to the problems being discussed here.（定语）我们必须重视这里正在（被）讨论的问题.
2. The electric current produced is the result of chemical energy being changed to electrical energy. （复合结构作介词宾语）所产生的电流是化学能转变为电能的结果.
3. The teacher being here, there is no danger. （独立分词结构）老师在这里,便无危险.
Ⅳ.“-ing+原动词具有的搭配关系”在句中作主语、宾语、表语、状语、介词宾语（除作状语用的-ing为现在分词外,其余均为动名词）：
A. 作主语用：
1. Melting and boiling take place under certain conditions. 熔融和沸腾发生在一定条件之下.
2. In the given case warming the solid converts it to a liquid. 在给定情况下,加热这种固体能使它变成液体.
3. There is no failing in the test. 不可能在试验中失败.
注：“There is +no+-ing”表示“不可能”之意.
4. It is no use buying books but not reading them. （真正主语）买了书却不读,没有什么用处.
注：动名词短语作真正主语很少见,不如不定式为多.它主要用在以no use,no good, worth-while, waste,dangerous等词作表语的句子中.
B. 作宾语、介词宾语或个别形容词的宾语用：
1. I like reading English every morning. （动词宾语）我喜欢每天早晨读英语.
2. Their installation method is worth trying. （形容词宾语）他们的安装方法值得试一试.
3. The process of dissolving table salt in water is a physical change. （介词宾语）食盐溶解于水的过程是物理变化. （详见第176页E）
4. We think it no use increasing resistance in the experiment. （真正宾语）我们认为在这个实验中增加电阻无用.（动名词短语作真正宾语很少见,只有当其宾语补语为上面注中那些词时才行.）
5. These children need looking after. （动词宾语）这些小孩得需要照顾.（句中after为介词,其宾语正好是句中主语,但不可以写出.）
C. 作表语用（下面三例不是进行时,其中moving转为形容词）：
1. Our greatest happiness is serving the people. 为人民服务是我们最大的幸福.
2. Our production task is making machines. 我们的生产任务是制造机器.
3. This book is very moving. 这本书很感动人.
D. –ing（现在分词）作状语用,含有时间、原因、让步、方式或伴随、结果等意义,但比较含蓄,只能根据上下文来仔细琢磨：
1. Passing through a liquid or solid, sound it changed into heat. （时间）声音通过液体或固体时,就转变为热.
2. The metal was cooled in the air, having been heated to a definite temperature in the future. （时间）这种金属在炉子里加热到一定温度以后,就放在空气中冷却.
3. He is standing there, waiting for an assignment. （目的）他正站在那边等待分配任务.
4. Not having done it, we tried again. （原因）由于没有做成,我们就又试了.（注意not不能位于having后面.否定非谓语动词时,not均应位于非谓语动词前面.）
5. We read the book sitting by the window. （方式）我们坐在窗户旁边读书.
6. Weighing 2,210 tons, the automatic forging press is operated by one worker only. （让步）虽然这台自动锻压机重2,210吨,但只由一个工人操作.
7.We increase the length of the wire, thus(或thereby)increasing its resistance. （thus或thereby后的-ing短语一般表示结果意义.）我们增加导线的长度,从而增加了导线电阻.
8. Some students came running towards us. （方式）几个学生朝着我们方向跑来.
9. Not knowing how to operate the machine, he asked the worker for help. （原因）他不知如何操作这台机器,便请求工人帮助.
10. Reducing the current, we can correspondingly decrease the speed of the motor. （条件）如果减小电流,则电动机的转速就能相应减低.
11. He knew how to run the machine, having been a worker ten years. （原因）他当了十年工人,知道如何开动这台机器.（现在分词短语的完成式虽在句末,其动作仍在谓语动词之前.）
12. The doctor, having felt your pulse, pronounced you better. （时间）医生按了脉搏以后,断定病已好转.
上述例句中,完成时的-ing表示其动作在主句动作之前已完成（见例句2,4,11,12）,其余则和主句动词的动作差不多同时发生.注意本情况下-ing还有以被动语态出现的形式（见例句2）,这时句中主语就是行为对象.-ing作状语时,多半有逗号隔开,但有例外（见上面第5,8句）,故需逻辑判断.
E. –ing（动名词）作介词宾语用：
1. We use this tool for tightening bolts. 我们用这工具来旋紧螺栓.
2. Before starting the engine you should carefully clean and oil it. 在开动发动机之前,你应该把它仔细弄干净,并且上好润滑油.
3. You succeeded in solving the problem. 你们顺利解决了问题.
4. We change air to a liquid by cooling and compressing it. 对空气冷却和压缩,我们可以使它变为液体.
5. After having been discussed the report was published. 这份报告在讨论完以后,就发表了.
6. Through being left out all night in the rain the metal had rusted. 由于这种金属整宵放在外面挨雨淋,它已经生锈了.
7. We did not speak of having read this book. 我们没说已读过了这本书.
8. On breaking the magnet into still shorter pieces we still get complete magnets. 把磁铁砸成更短小的碎块时,我们得到的仍然是一些完整的磁铁.
9. Did he feel sorry for not coming in time? 他对没有及时来感到遗憾吗?
注意完成时表示形式（见例句5,7）和被动态形式（见例句5,6）.注意动名词的否定形式（见例句9）.