这句子对吗You not only need to know what you like to eat,how much

有部分错误.
可以改成： You need to know not only what you like to eat, what your height is, but also your own weeknesss and advantages.
一般not only是放在相同成分的后面.如果像原文那样,可以说You not only need to know what you like to eat, what your height is, but also need to know your own weeknesss and advantages.显得有点重复.
有多高可以说 How tall are you,或者是what's your height.
还有有点一般不用strength,这个词一般用来表示力量,优点这个意思属于比较偏的一个词条.一般选用advantage.

Not only do you need to kown what you like to eat and how much your height,but also to know your own weaknesses and advantages.

You not only need to know what you like to eat, how much height, but also (need) to know your own weaknesses and strengths.
整个句子是对的。
于是我认为but also 后面+need 比较通顺，你再读读看。

怎么感觉特别别扭呢？这个感觉逻辑上就有问题啊

我认为应该是：You must not only know what love to eat, how to know yourself, your weaknesses and strengths。
这个一定对，我是英语老师