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Norman Bethune
Bethune, a national hero in China, was born in Gravenhurst, Ontario, Canada. He was the son of a Presbyterian minister Rev. Malcolm Bethune and his wife Elizabeth. His grandfather, Norman Bethune Sr. was also a noted Canadian physician and co-founder in the 1850s of Trinity College Medical School which was later absorbed by the University of Toronto. Two other ancestors of note were his great grandfather Angus Bethune who rose to become partner in the fur trading North West Company and the grand patriarch of the family, Rev. John Bethune, who came over to North America from Scotland in the 1770s. In North Carolina Rev. John Bethune found that he opposed American independence from Britain. This led to his departure for Canada where as a United Empire Loyalist he founded the first Presbyterian church of Montreal and subsequently of Upper Canada, at Williamstown near Cornwall.
He attended Owen Sound Collegiate in Owen Sound, Ontario, now known as Owen Sound Collegiate And Vocational Institute. He graduated from OSCVI in 1907, four years ahead of William Avery "Billy" Bishop. Both names are inscribed on the School's Great War Memorial.
The young Norman Bethune enrolled at the University of Toronto in September 1909 and then worked for a year as a labourer-teacher with Frontier College. In 1915 he joined the No.2 Field Ambulance in France, where, as a stretcher-bearer, he was hit by shrapnel and spent three months recovering in an English hospital. The injury allowed him to return to Toronto to complete an accelerated medical degree by December 1916. Bethune's first private medical practice was in Detroit, Michigan where he contracted tuberculosis from working with the poor. He sought treatment at the Trudeau Sanatorium in upstate New York, and believing he was dying, insisted upon radical thoracic surgery which saved his life. Recuperated, he joined the famous Edward Archibald at McGill University in Montreal. He perfected his skills in thoracic surgery at the Royal Victoria Hospital where he also taught. Bethune was an early proponent of universal health care, the success of which he observed during a visit to the Soviet Union. As a concerned doctor in Montreal during the dirty thirties, Bethune frequently sought out the poor and gave them free medical care.
Fearing the onslaught of fascism, he travelled to Spain (1936-1937) where he assisted the Republicans in the Spanish Civil War and to China (1938-1939), aiding the Chinese in their war with Japan, in both cases performing battlefield surgical operations on war casualties.
Bethune's work in Spain in developing mobile medical units was the model for the later development of Mobile Army Surgical Hospital (MASH) units. The need to provide blood transfusions in a battlefield led him to develop the first practical method for transporting blood. In China, he worked with carpenters and blacksmiths to forge new surgical tools, and established training for doctors, nurses and orderlies. He redesigned packing containers to serve as operating tables. He treated wounded Japanese prisoners.
Bethune died on November 12, 1939, of blood poisoning from a cut he received when performing surgery, while with the Communist Party of China's Eighth Route Army in the midst of the Second Sino-Japanese War.

诺尔曼·白求恩（Norman Bethune）（1890—1939），加拿大共产党员，国际共产主义战士，著名胸外科医师。1890年3月3日生于加拿大安达略省格雷文赫斯特镇一个牧师家庭。青年时代，当过轮船侍者、伐木工、小学教员、记者。1916年毕业于多伦多大学医学院，获学士学位。曾在欧美一些国家观摩、实习，在英国和加拿大担任过上尉军医、外科主任。1922年被录取为英国皇家外科医学会会员。1933年被...