怎样写abstract,proposal,cover letter

　　Writing Abstracts, Proposals, and Letters good abstracts clear proposals appropriate letters x0cABSTRACTS An abstract is an extract of the essence of your work. Abstracts are not summaries; they are more concise and clearer than summaries. Abstracts give what was discovered, how it was done, how it fits with other research, and what it suggests for future research. x0cABSTRACTS The difficulty in writing an abstract is that the abstract must be short. Most journals tell authors to send in abstracts of as few as 150 words or less. Conference abstracts sometimes require as few as 50 words. Writing a good abstract requires extreme discipline. x0cABSTRACTS Writing an abstract requires unusual cognitive and linguistic discipline. Excess words must be carefully eliminated. The clarity of the words will determine. If others will read your work. If readers will accurately report its information to others. x0cABSTRACTS Stay within or under the required number of words. Edit carefully. Have a colleague who knows your work well edit. Edit again. Check your word choices and structures against other recent abstracts in the journal to which you plan to send your paper. x0cPROPOSALS Proposals for presenting at conferences are relatively easy to write. However writing proposals for grants is considerably more difficult. x0cProposals to Conferences Writing proposals for presenting at conferences is similar to writing abstracts. Brevity is important. Each conference will have its proposal requirements and deadlines posted on its website. Usually the conference prefers a one-page proposal. x0cProposals to Conferences The proceedings are usually published so that this gives you a publication. However, give careful consideration before having your work published this way. Because a science journal will not consider publishing work that has been published elsewhere. x0cProposals for Grants lengthy matters requiring information about your research the background its purpose its value to the grant-giving organization x0cProposals for Grants First-time applications for a grant are often unsuccessful, but do not be discouraged. If yours is rejected, detailed information about why it has been rejected will accompany the rejection. Next you should carefully rewrite the grant addressing the reasons it was rejected, and resubmit. x0cCover Letters Submissions to journals today are done electronically, and including a brief electronic cover letter is appropriate. Such letters are easy to write and have no need to be original, witty, or eloquent. x0cCoverLetters x0cx0cIntroductory and Application Letters Informal as to be impolite. ‘Hi,’ or ‘Hi Petey,’ or ‘Hi Dr. Young’ Overly formal ‘My Very Dear Dr. Young’ or ‘Honored Professor’. x0cx0cIntroductory and Application Letters The most effective letters of introduction or application are simple and direct. You attach your resume and perhaps one other relevant brief document. Letters of recommendation are sent later. It is absolutely essential that you make no mistakes, even of a minor nature. Edit your letterbefore you send it. x0cIntroductory and Application Letters Keep a file of letters you send and letters you receive. These will serve you as a future resource for appropriate letter writing. The danger of email correspondence is that you may write so quickly and send in email. The best advice is to compose your letters in a word-processing program, copy and paste them into email.