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Table Tennis
I INTRODUCTION
Table Tennis,game played on a table,by two or four contestants,with a small,lightweight celluloid ball and small rackets,often called bats or paddles.
II RULES AND EQUIPMENT
The table is 9 ft by 5 ft (2.74 m by 1.52 m) with its upper surface 30 in.(76 cm) above the floor.The table is divided into opposing courts by a net 6 in.(15.24 cm) high and a white stripe,running lengthwise down the center,that is used only for doubles play.The surface of a standard table is made of 3/4-in.(1.91-cm) five-ply wood,the resiliency of which is such that a standard table tennis ball,when dropped from a height of 1 ft (30.5 cm),will rebound to a height of from 8• to 9• in.(22.2 to 24.8 cm).The white celluloid ball is hollow; it is about 1.5 in.(3.81 cm) in diameter and about 0.88 oz (2.5 g) in weight.The rackets may be any shape but usually are oval and made of wood,faced with rubber or sponge that may be pimpled or smooth.
Like tennis,table tennis involves hitting the ball back and forth over the net until one of the players misses the ball,or hits it into the net or off the table; in each of these cases the opponent scores a point.To serve properly,a player holds the ball on the flat,outstretched palm of the hand,then throws it up and strikes it as it falls.The ball must then hit the table on the server's side of the net first,whereupon play continues as in tennis,but the ball must hit the table before being returned by a player.When a serve touches the net but is otherwise a good serve,it is called a “let” and played over.One player serves until 5 points have been scored,after which the opponent serves for the next 5 points.A game is won by the player who first scores 21 points.If the score is tied at 20-all,deuce,the service changes after each point until one player gains a 2-point advantage to win the game.Players change ends after every game (and also when one player reaches 10 in the deciding game of the match).So-called net and edge balls—that is,shots that touch either the net or table edge—are valid shots.When,in the opinion of the umpire,a ball hits the side instead of the end edge of the table,the player who made the shot loses the point.
Doubles play in table tennis differs from singles play in the following respects:1.Service must be from the right hand court into the opponent's right hand court.2.Each partner must hit or return alternate shots.Each player receives service for 5 points,then,as opponents shift positions,serves for 5 points.The sequence of one specific partner hitting to one specific opponent must be changed after each game and when one side reaches 10 in the deciding game of the match.
III HISTORY
Most authorities agree that table tennis is of English origin and that it was first played with improvised equipment on dining-room tables.Around 1900,when celluloid balls began to replace rubber and cork balls,the game became very popular in England and the U.S.Early manufactured sets were called Gossimar,Whiff- Whaff,and,more commonly,Ping-Pong,the latter being a patented trade name.Its popularity as a parlor game quickly waned,but about 1922 a simultaneous movement started in several parts of the world to revive table tennis as a serious sport.A meeting held in 1926 in Berlin among five nations resulted in the formation of the International Table Tennis Federation (ITTF).The U.S.Table Tennis Association (USTTA),founded in 1933,governs tournament competition in the U.S.The annual national championships consist of matches in more than 45 different classifications,such as men's singles and doubles,women's singles and doubles,and junior and senior events with players under the ages of 10 to over 75.The USTTA joined the ITTF in 1933.The International Federal,composed of about 140 member nations,sponsors individual and team play at the world championships held every two years.From the 1960s through the early 1980s China often dominated these championships; interim titleholders came primarily from Japan,Sweden,and Hungary.In the late 1980s,however,with the entry of table tennis into the Olympic Games,South Korea and Sweden finally ended China's dominance.