下面这个句子句末 “to”和“by”具体怎么理解 An important factor in market-oriented economy is the mechanism by which consumer demands can be expressed and responded to by producers.
to 是用在responded 之后的,respond to 表示对XX有反应 这里的responded to 和 expressed在句中是并列的成分 by是被动语态,用来连接后面的 producer 整句的后半部分你可以拆开来分析:consumer demands can be expressed by producer+consumer demands can be responded to
1 the mechanism by which ====the mechanism according to which 语法:第一个by==according to 根据----- 2 respond to sth. 对-- - -做出反应 3 (be +过去分词)by producers 由生产商 -- --- ,被生产商 (被动语态,第二个by:由,被)...